A Scientific Article

The educational staff at the College of Education for Pure Sciences/Department of biology Prof. Dr. Rasha Abdul-Amir Jawad obtained the acceptance to publish a scientific article tagged with the title (Lead) by the Scientific Articles Committee at the Presidency of Karbala University after the article fulfilled all publication conditions. (Prof. Dr. Rasha Abdel-Amir Jawad) mentioned that lead is one of the common and widespread heavy metals in the environment, and it is a toxic substance, which has received great attention for its harmful effect on living organisms, as it dates back at least 8000 years ago. The oldest indications of lead in the Egyptian hieroglyphs around 1500 BC in panels and statues in temples. Its toxic effects were known more than 2000 years ago. Lead spreads in the earth’s crust in the form of metallic ores, as these raw materials are considered natural sources that pollute the environment and it is a natural element. Lead poisoning affects multiple organs in the body as a result of exposure to it through air, water and food, and this exposure leads to damage and kidney failure resulting in damage to the proximal convoluted tubule, reduced glomerular filtration rate, high blood pressure, myocardial infarction, stroke, intestinal disorders, and disturbances in the nervous system. The central nervous system and the vascular system, especially blood formation. Anemia is one of the symptoms associated with lead poisoning. Lead also causes anemia, severe infectious pain, and muscle weakness. The nervous system is the main target of lead poisoning in both adults and children, and it can damage the brain and kidneys in adults and children and cause death. Ultimately, in pregnant women exposure to high levels of lead leads to miscarriages, while in men it can cause damage to the organs responsible for sperm production and infertility.